A Study on the General and Nutritional Information of Children's Preference Foods Sold in the Middle, High School Stores / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary data for better safety control over children's preference foods sold in school stores. The survey was conducted from June to July 2009, to collect 749 types of children's preference foods sold in 150 middle and high school stores nation-wide excluding Jeju Island and general and nutrition information were analyzed. Out of 749 types of snack food items, 689 and 602 snacks were sold at high school and middle school stores respectively. Among children's preference foods, cookies, bread, and ice-cream were the main items. Among them, 98% of snacks were domestic products and the price range of each individual snacks were mostly between 600 and 900 won. 27.8% of children's preference foods sold were found to be in the high calorie/low nutrition food group. Even though the proportion of candy and fruit/vegetable beverages sold were not high, their proportion in high calorie/low nutrition snack group were higher than 68.1%. Among the children's preference foods sold in middleand high school stores, carbonated drinks and ramen were continuously sold in certain middle and high schools, even though sales were prohibited. This study concludes that government, corporations and retailers should work together in developing healthier children's snack distribution environment. In addition, dairy products, which take up 15% of children's preference food, should be diversified to meet their nutrient requirements.

The Usefulness of the Bispectral Index during Propofol and Fentanyl Anesthesia for Coronary Bypass Surgery under Cardiopulmonary Bypass / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The incidence of intraoperative awareness is known to be high in cardiac surgery using cardiopulmaonary bypass, and there is a tendency to use more anesthetics to maintain anesthesia without recall. We investigated the usefulness of the bispectral index monitor in reducing the amount of anesthetics without intraoperative awareness. METHODS: Forty patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly allocated into two groups. In the control group, systemic blood pressure was a main indicator to contol the infusion rate of propofol and fentanyl. Infusion rate of propofol and fentanyl were controlled by the bispectral index in the BIS group. A post- anesthetic interview relating to intraoperative awareness was performed on the second postoperative day by a research assistant. RESULTS: The average flow rate of propofol (control group; 0.137+/-0.012 mg/kg/min, BIS group; 0.110+/-0.003 mg/kg/min, P<0.01) and fentanyl (control group; 6.485+/-0.413mug/kg/h, BIS group; 4.321+/-0.5mug/kg/h, P<0.01) were significantly different between groups. The postoperative extubation time was 6.8+/-1.9 h in the control group and 5.3+/-2.3 h in the BIS group (P<0.05). The average BIS was 43.1+/-5.6. No subjects showed positive results in the intraoperative awareness test. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative monitoring of the bispectral index in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for coronary bypass surgery reduced requirement of anesthetics without intraoperative awareness.

Comparison of 5% and 10% Glucose for Tetracaine Spinal Anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: One of the most important physical properties affecting the level of analgesia after intrathecal administration of a local anesthetic is baricity. This study was done to compare the distribution of 0.5% tetracaine in 5% glucose solution and in 10% glucose solution. METHODS: Tetracaine 2.6 ml (0.5% with 5% glucose or 10% glucose) added with 0.1% epinephrine 0.2 ml was administered to each of 20 patients. All patients' heights were within 160 170 cm. The cephalad spread of analgesia, the degree of motor block in the legs and hemodynamic values were assessed at 2-min intervals for the first 10 min and then at 5-min intervals until 30 min. RESULTS: In the 5% glucose and 10% glucose solutions, the maximum sensory level was T5.4 and T4.3, the maximum sensory block time was 128.1 min and 118.2 min and the time to complete motor block was 5.4 min and 5.2 min respectively. It was not statistically significant between groups. But T 8.1 (vs T 9.6 in the 5% glucose solution) of initial sensory level measured at 4 min after injection of drug was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the 10% glucose solution. Maximum hemodynamic changes from the baseline were not different in two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Tetracaine 0.5% with 5% glucose or 10% glucose solutions showed similar distribution in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting during Spinal or Epidural Anesthesia for Cesarean Section - The Efficacy of Metoclopramide and Droperidol - / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Regional anesthesia for cesarean section is associated with a high incidence of nausea and/or vomiting (N&V) during the operation. Metoclopramide and droperidol have been known to be effective in the prevention of N&V. However, they have been reported to induce some adverse effects such as sedation. We evaluated the efficacy of metoclopramide and droperidol in the prevention of N&V in spinal and epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. METHODS: A prospective randomized double-blind study was performed on 180 parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section. They were allocated into spinal or epidural (n = 90, each) anesthesia groups and each group into either a placebo, metoclopramide, or droperidol drug group (n = 30, each). After delivery, 2 ml saline, 10 mg metoclopramide, or 0.625 mg droperidol was given to the parturients, respectively. Incidences of N&V and sedation during the operation were checked, and the other adverse effects of the anesthesias such as hypotension and visceral pain were compared among the groups. The height of sensory blockade was also checked. RESULTS: Epidural anesthesia was more related with N&V than spinal (P = 0.030). Among the groups there was a significant difference in the incidence of N&V (P = 0.002). There were fewer parturients with N&V in the droperidol group than in the placebo group during epidural anesthesia (P = 0.021). During both spinal and epidural anesthesia more parturients in the droperidol group had sedation than placebo or metoclopramide groups (P = 0.0001) and more in the metoclopramide group than in the pacebo group (P = 0.01). No differences were found in incidences of hypotension and in the height of sensory block among the groups. There were more parturients with visceral pain during epidural anesthesia (P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Epidural anesthesia provoked N&V more frequently than spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Only droperidol was effective in the prevention of N&V during epidural anesthesia, but had a more sedative effect than metoclopramide during either spinal or epidural anesthesia.

The Effect of Intrathecal Bupivacaine Mixed with Sufentanil for Labor Analgesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The combination of a local anesthetic and an opioid has been shown to produce effective epidural labor analgesia. It was reported that the combination of intrathecal opioid and bupivacaine could produce labor analgesia with longer duration and less side effects. This study was done to evaluate the effect of intrathecal bupivacaine mixed with sufentanil for labor analgesia. METHODS: Eighty women requesting labor analgesia were randomly assigned to receive intrathecal 10 mcg of sufentanil (S group, n = 40) or 2.5 mg of bupivacaine plus 10 microgram of sufentanil (SB group, n = 40) diluted in a total volume of 2.2 ml with normal saline. The analgesia was performed using combined spinal-epidural technique in the lateral position. Visual analogue scales (VAS) for pain, sensory changes to cold, duration of analgesia, motor block, hypotension, fetal heart rate, pruritus, and other side effects were assessed for 30 minutes after intrathecal drug injection. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the VAS pain scores and sensory levels at 5 minutes after intrathecal drug injection between groups. However, VAS pain scores were significantly lower and sensory levels higher in the SB group at 15 minutes and 30 minutes after intrathecal drug injection. The duration of analgesia provided by intrathecal sufentanil (n = 31) was 103.4 41.1 min, by intrathecal sufentanil plus bupivacaine (n = 29) 113.0 32.1 min (P = 0.30). Motor block assessed by a modified Bromage scale was significantly frequent in the SB group (P< 0.001). Not only adverse effects such as hypotension, fetal bradycardia, pruritus, and nausea, but also satisfaction scores were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of bupivacaine to intrathecal sufentanil produced more frequent motor block and extensive sensory block, but better analgesia. However, duration of analgesia, side effects and satisfaction score did not change.

A Case Report of Klinefelter's Syndrome / 대한비뇨기과학회지

The Klinefelter's syndrome is characterized by azoospermia, gynecomastia, a variable degree of eunuchoidism elevated urinary gonadotropins, atrophic testis and hyalinization of the seminiferous tubules in which Leydig cells were preserved. Reviewing some world literatures, we have reported a case of Klinefelter's syndrome associated with right inguinal hernia in 22 year-old Korean male.

A Clinical Observation on urinary Lithiasis / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A clinical study was made on 53 cases of urinary lithiasis among the total number of 392 inpatients during the 3 years from January, 1968 to January, 1971, and 17 urinary calculi, safely reserved during the same period in our department, were analyzed by a chemical method. The results were as following: 1. The incidence of urinary calculi was 13.5 per cent, the all cases were male. 2.31 cases of urinary calculi were found in R.O.K.A. personnel and 22 cases were found in Korean Army personnel in Vietnam War. 3. The age of patients ranged from 21-30 years in approximately 90.5 per cent. 4. The location of urinary calculi was in the ureter in 54.7 per cent, kidney, 30.2 per cent, bladder, 13.2 per cent, and urethra, 1.9 per cent. 5. The most favored predilection of ureteral stone was lower third of ureter in approximately 51.7 per cent of all cases. 6. In a number of urinary calculi in each location 88.8 per cent was single. The most common size, was below 0.6cm in its diameter on 16 cases (34.1 per cent), and weight, below 0.5gm. on 20 cases (42.3 per cent). 7. The clinical symptoms of upper urinary tract lithiasis showed flank pain in 91.1 per cent, hematuria 37.7 per cent, and generalized weakness 15.5 per cent, but in lower urinary tract, painful urination was in 87.7 per cent, urinary frequency in 62.5 per cent, and hematuria in 37.5 per cent. 8. The microscopic hematuria showed in 90.6 per cent, its incidence was higher in lower urinary tract calculi, and pyuria was revealed in 30.2 per cent. 9. The most frequent surgical intervention was ureterolithotomy in 43.5 per cent (23 cases). 10. The results of qualitative analysis of 47 urinary calculi showed a mixed type of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate in 48.9 per cent, calcium oxalate in 12. 8 per cent, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate in each 8.5 per cent of the cases. The major component of urinary calculi was calcium phosphate-oxalate.

A Case Report of Simple Unilateral Ectopic Kidney / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Additional a case of ectopic kidney with a literatural review was presented. The terms renal ectopia describe kidneys which are congenitally located in abnormal anatomic positions. Its clinical interest is that it often confused with retroperitoneal tumor and pelvic tumor and other abdominal conditions. We experienced a case of ectopic kidney that was clinically confused with retroperitoneal tumor in 22-year old Korean male.

Statistical Observation on In-patient / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A statistical survey was made on 392 in-patients during the period of January, 1968 to January, 1971, in the Department of Urology, Taegu Military Hospital, in reference to age distribution and operative procedures. The tables (1-12) in the text represent the result of the statistical survey and are summarized as follows: The majority of the patients(88. 3%) were distributed between the ages 20 and 29. Of 392 in-patients, there were each 86 cases(21. 9%) of genito-urinary tuberculosis and injuries, 53 cases(10. 3%) of urinary calculi and 32 cases (8.2%) of nonspecific epididymitis. There were 201 operative procedures including 41 nephrectomy, 34 epididymectomy and 23 ureterolithotomy.

A Statistical Observation on Gentio-Urinary Tract Injuries of Korean Army in Vietnam War / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A statistical observation was made on Genito-Urinary-tract injuries of Korean Army Personnels in Vietnam War during the period of September, 1965 to September, 1970. and the following results were obtained. 1. The Genito-Urinary-tract injuries were 128 cases (5.1 per cent) among 2493 war casualities. 2. As for the causes of injuries, 72 cases (56.2 per cent) were caused by gunshot, 28 (21.8 per cent) by boobytrap, 15 (11.7 per cent) by crush, and 5 (3.9 per cent) by grenade. 3. Concerning the frequency of injuries in each organ, 33 cases (25.0 per cent) were observed in bladder, 30 (23. 4 per cent) in urethra, 28 (21.8 per cent) in kidney, 27 (21.0 per cent) in scrotum and testis, 5 (3.9 per cent) in penis, 4 (3.1 per cent) in ureter, and 1 (0.7 per cent) in prostate. 4. The incidence of Genito-Urinary-tract injuries associated with the other organs was as follows. In kidney injuries, 9 cases were associated with intestine, 8 with liver, 8 with spleen, and one each with radial nerve and iliac vessel. In ureter injuries, 4 cases were associated with intestine. In bladder injuries, 7 cases were associated with intestine, 1 with spleen, 15 with pelvic bone, 3 with femur, one each with head and foot. In urethral injuries, 4 cases were associated with intestine, 13 with pelvic bone, 6 with femur, and one with head. In penis injuries, one case was associated with pelvic bone, and 2 with femur. In scrotum and testis injuries, one case was associated with intestine, 8 with pelvic bone, 7 with femur, and one each which head and foot. In prostate injury, one case was associated with intestine. 5. As for the multiplicity of Genito-Urinary-tract injuries, 9 cases were observed in scrotum, testis and urethra, 3 in scrotum, testis and penis, 3 in bladder and urethra, 1 in bladder and prostate. 6. The evacuation time from battle fields to the evacuation hospital was one hour in average by helicopter.

A Case Report of Spermatic Granuloma / 대한비뇨기과학회지

The spermatic granuloma is a granulomatous inflammation which is the tissue reaction due to extravasated sperm. Its exact causes and mechanism are not clearly evaluated. Its clinical interest is that it often confused with tuberculous epididymitis and other epididymal conditions. We experienced a case of spermatic granuloma that was clinically confused with tuberculous epididymitis in 23-year old Korean male.